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<p>Research has been performed to improve the understanding of microplastics in sewage
sludge. Defra has contributed to the design and development of the UK Water Industry
Research funded and led <a href="https://ukwir.org/cip3-information" target="_blank">Chemicals
Investigation Programme (CIP)</a> in this area. While the third CIP phase, reported
in 2022, estimated an average mass of microplastics in final sludge products (generated
from the sewage treatment processes), it was noted there could be large differences
in the estimated values, and in sludge products from different works, and between
sludge product samples taken at different occasions from the same treatment works.</p>
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