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785851

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Bracken
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what measures they are taking to achieve a reduction in the amount of open countryside covered by bracken.
tabling member printed	Lord Greaves
uin	HL2999
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 20/11/2017 answer text <p>Through our agri-environment schemes we encourage farmers and land managers to look after and manage their local environments. These agreements support a number of management actions, including bracken control. Currently 881 agreements specifically include action that helps control bracken. This covers 16,527 hectares of land.</p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble question first answered 20/11/2017 11:24:38 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	2569 label Biography information for Lord Greaves

785852

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Bracken
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what is their estimate of the proportion of open countryside in England that was covered by bracken in (1) 1987, (2) 1997, (3) 2007, and (4) 2017; and what assessment they have made of the reasons for any changes in that coverage.
tabling member printed	Lord Greaves
uin	HL3000
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 15/11/2017 answer text <p>The extent of bracken broad habitat in England is estimated as part of the Countryside Survey, which is a survey of land cover across the UK. The survey has been undertaken at intervals since 1978 and provides evidence about the extent and condition or ‘health’ of the UK’s countryside today. The most recent survey was conducted in 2007.</p><p> </p><p>Estimations for the extent of bracken broad habitat in England are available from 1990 onwards and are provided in the table below. Data is not available for all the years referenced in the question. Within the survey, bracken broad habitat is defined as area with 95-100% coverage with bracken plants. Between 1990 and 2007 there was no change in the overall extent of bracken.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Table: Estimated area (’000s ha) and percentage of land area of the Bracken Broad Habitat in England from 1990 to 2007<em>. </em></strong><em>Source: Countryside Survey 2007. </em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p> </p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong><em> Year</em></strong></p></td><td colspan="2"><p><strong><em>1990</em></strong></p></td><td colspan="2"><p><strong><em>1998</em></strong></p></td><td colspan="2"><p><strong><em>2007</em></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p></td><td><p><strong><em>(‘000 ha)</em></strong></p></td><td><p><strong><em>% area of England </em></strong></p></td><td><p><strong><em>(‘000 ha)</em></strong></p></td><td><p><strong><em>% area of England </em></strong></p></td><td><p><strong><em>(‘000 ha)</em></strong></p></td><td><p><strong><em>% area of England</em></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><strong><em>Bracken</em></strong></p></td><td><p><em>93</em></p></td><td><p><em>0.7 </em></p></td><td><p><em>109 </em></p></td><td><p><em>0.8</em></p></td><td><p><em>91 </em></p></td><td><p><em>0.7</em></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble question first answered 15/11/2017 13:01:46 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	2569 label Biography information for Lord Greaves

785858

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Tree Planting
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what action they are taking to encourage tree planting in areas that are prone to recurrent flooding.
tabling member printed	Baroness Kennedy of Cradley
uin	HL3006
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 15/11/2017 answer text <p>The Government continues to fund and support research into the utility of trees in flood prevention, for example through the joint Defra/Environment Agency ‘Working with Natural Processes’ research programme, and the Forestry Commission’s Science and Innovation Strategy work.</p><p> </p><p>In July, Defra also announced the allocation of £15 million specifically for natural flood management projects. Several of the 58 projects undertaken within this programme include tree planting amongst their interventions.</p><p> </p><p>Flood risk management is one of the targeting criteria for woodland creation funded through the Countryside Stewardship scheme. Countryside Stewardship also supports the installation of leaky woody dams in new and existing woodland to aid flood mitigation.</p><p> </p><p>Additionally, Forest Research, the Forestry Commission’s research agency, is conducting a number of medium and long term projects on this topic, often in partnership with water regulators, universities and end users. These cover process, modelling, economic and mapping studies designed to quantify and demonstrate how woodland can contribute to flood risk management. One flagship project led by Forest Research is the ‘Slowing the Flow’ at Pickering study. This is evaluating how the integrated application of a range of land use and management measures can alleviate flooding, including woodland creation and the use of large woody structures.</p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble question first answered 15/11/2017 13:21:47 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	4303 label Biography information for Baroness Kennedy of Cradley

785859

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Agriculture: Sustainable Development
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what assessment they have made of the contribution made by woodland creation and hedgerow planting to sustainable farming.
tabling member printed	Baroness Kennedy of Cradley
uin	HL3007
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 20/11/2017 answer text <p>Woodland and hedgerows make an important contribution to sustainable farming. Woodland mitigates climate change, supports biodiversity, improves soil quality, prevents flooding and provides a shelterbelt for farm land. Hedgerows help enhance biodiversity and prevent soil erosion and run-off from fields, provide shelter, control livestock, and protect crops from the wind. They help define the character of the English landscape and many have historical significance as they mark ancient boundaries.</p><p> </p><p>English farmers can create woodland, plant trees and manage hedgerows with Rural Development Programme funding from the Countryside Stewardship Scheme. Funding through Rural Development Programmes between 2007 and 2017 has created over 18,500 hectares of woodland and nearly 6,000 kilometres of new hedgerows.</p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble question first answered 20/11/2017 11:24:03 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	4303 label Biography information for Baroness Kennedy of Cradley

785860

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Agriculture: Environment Protection
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what advice they provide to farmers and food growers on protecting water quality and the management of soil and nutrients.
tabling member printed	Baroness Kennedy of Cradley
uin	HL3008
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 15/11/2017 answer text <p>The Environment Agency (EA) provides advice and guidance on pollution prevention to farmers and agricultural businesses to help them reduce the risk of causing environmental pollution and the costs of clean up. There are around 100,000 agricultural premises in England which can benefit from this guidance. This helps farmers become or remain compliant with regulations and the direct legislation which prohibits pollution. It is an offence under the Water Resources Act to cause pollution, so where serious or significant pollution does happen the EA will also take direct enforcement action.</p><p> </p><p>The EA bases its advice around a consistent set of integrated key actions which farmers can take to manage environmental impacts. These key advisory actions will help to improve and protect water quality through the management of soils and nutrients, secure water resources, adapt to a changing climate and reduce flood risk. Other specific advice includes information to help farmers control nutrient levels from organic fertiliser and manufactured fertiliser use, previously known as the Code of Good Agricultural Practice (CoGAP). Where appropriate the EA will also signpost farmers to other partners for specialist support as well as grants which may be available through programmes such as Catchment Sensitive Farming (CSF) and the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.</p><p> </p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble question first answered 15/11/2017 13:22:50 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	4303 label Biography information for Baroness Kennedy of Cradley

785862

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Fisheries
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what assessment they have made of the level of unauthorised fishing that takes place in British waters.
tabling member printed	Baroness Kennedy of Cradley
uin	HL3010
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 17/11/2017 answer text <p>Control and enforcement of fisheries legislation is a devolved matter. Unauthorised fishing can mean many things including fishing in closed areas, using the wrong gear or not completing records accurately.</p><p> </p><p>In England, the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) assesses the level of unauthorised fishing in the 0-200 nautical mile zone using intelligence and data from at-sea patrols conducted by the Royal Navy as well as from their own enforcement activity at sea and on land. Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities also carry out control and enforcement activity on land and in the 0-6 nautical mile waters of England.</p><p> </p><p>The MMO publishes information about significant prosecutions and actions taken as a result of finding infringements or non-compliance with fisheries legislation on their website.</p><p> </p><p>Surface patrol vessels are used to provide physical presence, deterrence and inspection capability which is complemented by satellite based surveillance technologies such as Vessel Monitoring Systems, Electronic Reporting Systems and Remote Electronic Monitoring.</p><p> </p><p>The Joint Maritime Operations Coordination Centre was established in October to improve the coordination of cross-agency maritime patrol capabilities, increase information sharing across Government and enhance aerial surveillance operations.</p><p> </p><p>As the control and enforcement of fisheries legislation is a devolved matter, it is for each Devolved Administration to decide how best to develop an enforcement solution to prevent unauthorised fishing.</p><p> </p><p> </p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble grouped question UIN HL3011 question first answered 17/11/2017 15:01:19 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	4303 label Biography information for Baroness Kennedy of Cradley

785863

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Fisheries: Protection
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what measures they are taking to prevent unauthorised fishing in British waters.
tabling member printed	Baroness Kennedy of Cradley
uin	HL3011
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 17/11/2017 answer text <p>Control and enforcement of fisheries legislation is a devolved matter. Unauthorised fishing can mean many things including fishing in closed areas, using the wrong gear or not completing records accurately.</p><p> </p><p>In England, the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) assesses the level of unauthorised fishing in the 0-200 nautical mile zone using intelligence and data from at-sea patrols conducted by the Royal Navy as well as from their own enforcement activity at sea and on land. Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities also carry out control and enforcement activity on land and in the 0-6 nautical mile waters of England.</p><p> </p><p>The MMO publishes information about significant prosecutions and actions taken as a result of finding infringements or non-compliance with fisheries legislation on their website.</p><p> </p><p>Surface patrol vessels are used to provide physical presence, deterrence and inspection capability which is complemented by satellite based surveillance technologies such as Vessel Monitoring Systems, Electronic Reporting Systems and Remote Electronic Monitoring.</p><p> </p><p>The Joint Maritime Operations Coordination Centre was established in October to improve the coordination of cross-agency maritime patrol capabilities, increase information sharing across Government and enhance aerial surveillance operations.</p><p> </p><p>As the control and enforcement of fisheries legislation is a devolved matter, it is for each Devolved Administration to decide how best to develop an enforcement solution to prevent unauthorised fishing.</p><p> </p><p> </p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble grouped question UIN HL3010 question first answered 17/11/2017 15:01:19 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	4303 label Biography information for Baroness Kennedy of Cradley

785866

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Domestic Waste: Landfill
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what is their estimate of the amount of household waste that ended up in landfill in each year since 1997 for which records are held.
tabling member printed	Lord Kennedy of Southwark
uin	HL3014
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 15/11/2017 answer text <p>Information on the amount of all local authority waste for England sent to landfill is readily available through published statistics for 2000/01 to 2015/16 and is summarised in the table below. The majority of all local authority waste is household waste (typically around 85 per cent); information just for household waste is not readily available.</p><p> </p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Year</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Tonnes of all local authority waste sent to landfill (thousand tonnes)</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>% of all local authority LA waste managed</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2000/01</p></td><td><p>22,039</p></td><td><p>79%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2001/02</p></td><td><p>22,421</p></td><td><p>78%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2002/03</p></td><td><p>22,068</p></td><td><p>75%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2003/04</p></td><td><p>20,936</p></td><td><p>72%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2004/05</p></td><td><p>19,822</p></td><td><p>67%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2005/06</p></td><td><p>17,873</p></td><td><p>62%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2006/07</p></td><td><p>16,890</p></td><td><p>58%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2007/08</p></td><td><p>15,513</p></td><td><p>54%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2008/09</p></td><td><p>13,784</p></td><td><p>50%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2009/10</p></td><td><p>12,490</p></td><td><p>47%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2010/11</p></td><td><p>11,391</p></td><td><p>43%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2011/12</p></td><td><p>9,568</p></td><td><p>37%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2012/13</p></td><td><p>8,514</p></td><td><p>34%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2013/14</p></td><td><p>7,933</p></td><td><p>31%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2014/15</p></td><td><p>6,361</p></td><td><p>25%</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2015/16</p></td><td><p>5,133</p></td><td><p>20%</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble question first answered 15/11/2017 14:00:02 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	4153 label Biography information for Lord Kennedy of Southwark

785867

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Food: Waste
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government what assessment they have made of the local government schemes to manage food waste and reduce the amount that goes into landfill.
tabling member printed	Lord Kennedy of Southwark
uin	HL3015
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 20/11/2017 answer text <p>We do not hold details of the amount of food waste that goes to landfill, however the levels of biodegradable municipal waste sent to landfill, which includes food waste, has continued to reduce and in 2015 was 7.7 million tonnes.</p><p> </p><p>Local authorities play an important role in helping people reduce household food waste, and identifying the business opportunities within a more efficient and circular economy in their area. Local authorities representing more than 42% of the UK’s population are currently signatories to the Courtauld Commitment 2025, which includes a target to reduce UK per capital food waste by 20%. Reductions in food waste arisings offers a significant reduction in waste collection and disposal costs for authorities, as well as savings for households.</p><p> </p><p>Half of local authorities in England offer a kerbside collection service for food waste, which will be sent either to in-vessel composting or anaerobic digestion. In-vessel composting and anaerobic digestion provide significant carbon saving over sending food waste to landfill. In 2015 WRAP published a review of the effectiveness of measures to increase food waste collection and updated guidance on measures local authorities could take to increase capture of food waste.</p><p> </p><p>The Government is committed to reducing the diversion of food waste to landfill and in the Clean Growth Strategy we announced a target of working towards no food waste entering landfill by 2030. Further details on this will be published in the Resources and Waste Strategy in 2018.</p><p> </p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble question first answered 20/11/2017 11:21:31 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	4153 label Biography information for Lord Kennedy of Southwark

785868

registered interest
date	07/11/2017
answering body	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept id	13
answering dept short name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
answering dept sort name	Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
hansard heading	Nitrogen Dioxide
house id	2
legislature	25277 pref label House of Lords
question text	To ask Her Majesty's Government which places in the UK have had the highest levels of nitrogen dioxide exceedance of agreed EU limits in each year since 1997 for which records are held; and how many times the World Health Organisation's guideline for PM 2.5 has been exceeded.
tabling member printed	Lord Kennedy of Southwark
uin	HL3016
answer	answer is ministerial correction date of answer 20/11/2017 answer text <p>Between 1997 and 2000 inclusive, the limit value for hourly mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide was 200 µg/m<sup>3</sup> and could only be exceeded for two percent of the calendar year for any monitoring site. This limit was determined by the Council Directive on air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide (85/203/EEC). All air quality monitoring sites for nitrogen dioxide were compliant with the limit value between 1997 and 2000.</p><p> </p><p>Under the First Daughter Directive (1999/30/EC) and Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC), the limit value for hourly mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations is 200 µg/m<sup>3</sup> and Member States are allowed to exceed this limit for a maximum of 18 hours per calendar year. The monitoring sites with the greatest number of hours in exceedance of this limit by year are displayed in the table below (site measurements are available on the UK-AIR website):</p><p> </p><p> </p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Year</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Assessment area</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Monitoring site</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Hours with NO<sub>2</sub> concentration &gt; 200 µgm<sup>-3</sup></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2001</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>60</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2002</p></td><td><p>Glasgow Urban Area</p></td><td><p>Glasgow Kerbside</p></td><td><p>38</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2003</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>471</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2004</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>542</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2005</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>853</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2006</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>686</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2007</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>458</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2008</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>822</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2009</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>486</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2010</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>539</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2011</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>229</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2012</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>132</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2013</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>60</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2014</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>London Marylebone Road</p></td><td><p>60</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2015</p></td><td><p>South Wales</p></td><td><p>Hafod-yr-ynys Roadside</p></td><td><p>108</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2016</p></td><td><p>South Wales</p></td><td><p>Hafod-yr-ynys Roadside</p></td><td><p>126</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p> </p><p>The limit value for annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations is 40 µg/m<sup>3</sup>. Assessment is made using a mixture of monitoring site data, modelling of major roadside concentrations in urban areas and modelling of background concentrations. The maximum annual mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide and its location in the UK are displayed in the table below (monitoring and modelling data can be found on the UK-AIR website):</p><p> </p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Year</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Assessment area</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Location</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Annual mean NO<sub>2</sub> concentration (µg/m<sup>3</sup>)</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2001</p></td><td><p>Central Scotland</p></td><td><p>Modelled background location east of Glasgow (close to A73 and B803)</p></td><td><p>95</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2002</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A3211 (between City of London boundary and A201 Blackfriars Bridge junction)</p></td><td><p>87</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2003</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A501 (between Marylebone High St and A4201 junctions)</p></td><td><p>109</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2004</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between Portman St and Duke St junctions)</p></td><td><p>113</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2005</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between Portman St and Duke St junctions)</p></td><td><p>184</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2006</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between Portman St and Duke St junctions)</p></td><td><p>168</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2007</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between Marble Arch and Portman St junctions)</p></td><td><p>155</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2008</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between Marble Arch and Portman St junctions)</p></td><td><p>182</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2009</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between Portman St and Duke St junctions)</p></td><td><p>163</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2010</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between Portman St and Duke St junctions)</p></td><td><p>170</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2011</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between Portman St and Duke St junctions)</p></td><td><p>136</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2012</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A302 (between A3217 and A4 junctions)</p></td><td><p>152</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2013</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A4 (between A315/A3216 and Hyde Park Corner junctions)</p></td><td><p>126</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2014</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A40 (between A4206 and A5/A501 junctions)</p></td><td><p>119</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2015</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A3211 (between A100 junction and Tower Hamlets boundary)</p></td><td><p>115</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2016</p></td><td><p>Greater London Urban Area</p></td><td><p>A3211 (between Arthur St and Fish St Hill junctions)</p></td><td><p>102</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p>The UK is compliant with the Air Quality Directive and its predecessors regarding concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. All areas of the UK had maximum annual mean concentrations less than 20 µg/m<sup>3</sup> in 2016 (the limit value set by the European Union); but in every year some areas across the UK have exceed the WHO guideline of 10 µg/m<sup>3</sup> annual mean and a 24-hour mean of 25 µg/m<sup>3</sup>. Weighting the concentrations according to where the population lives gives annual mean concentrations which are less than the WHO guideline (9 µg/m<sup>3</sup> in 2016).</p><p> </p> answering member printed Lord Gardiner of Kimble question first answered 20/11/2017 11:28:27 answering member 4161 label Biography information for Lord Gardiner of Kimble
tabling member	4153 label Biography information for Lord Kennedy of Southwark