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<p> </p><p>Experiments on animals have been performed over a number of years with
the first successful pronuclear transfer (PNT) technique performed in mice in 1983
by McGrath and Solter. Maternal spindle transfer (MST) is a technique developed in
the United States of America in 2009 and has been performed successfully in mice,
non-human primates, as well as in sheep and cows. Research on both MST and PNT has
been carried out successfully on human embryos. On-going studies of PNT and MST continue
to be carried out on mice in the United Kingdom.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>An
extensive review of the safety and efficacy of MST and PNT to prevent mitochondrial
disease was completed by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority’s Expert
Scientific Panel, which includes detailed consideration of animal model studies and
can be found on their website:</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>www.hfea.gov.uk/docs/Third_Mitochondrial_replacement_scientific_review.pdf</p><p>
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