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<p>Emissions from aircraft are strictly regulated by the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO). ICAO sets global standards to limit emissions of oxides of nitrogen,
particulates and some other air pollutants from aircraft engines.</p><p> </p><p>Most
recently, ICAO set particulate emissions standards for aircraft engines in 2019, which
have now been adopted into UK law and came into force on 1 January 2023. These were
the first scientifically based global certification standards for aircraft particulate
emissions.</p><p> </p><p>Defra monitors air quality and assesses its impacts on an
ongoing basis. Data from our nationwide monitoring networks can be found on <a href="https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/research/aq-system-review"
target="_blank">UK-AIR</a>.</p><p> </p><p>National soil monitoring under the Natural
Capital and Ecosystem Assessment (NCEA) programme began in 2022. NCEA will provide
high quality data to assess the state and condition of natural capital assets, ecosystems,
and biodiversity in terrestrial and freshwater environments. As part of this, up-to-date
and comprehensive soils data is a priority of the programme and is being measured
through projects such as the strategically sampled England Ecosystem Survey and the
England Peat Map.</p>
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