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<p>The information requested falls under the remit of the UK Statistics Authority.</p><p>Please
see the response attached from the National Statistician and Chief Executive of the
UK Statistics Authority.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The Rt Rev. the Lord Bishop of St Albans</p><p>House
of Lords</p><p>London</p><p>SW1A 0PW</p><p> </p><p>25 July 2023</p><p> </p><p>Dear
Lord Bishop,</p><p> </p><p>As National Statistician and Chief Executive of the UK
Statistics Authority, I am responding to your Parliamentary Questions asking how many
deaths occurred in England and Wales in (1) 2019, (2) 2020, (3) 2021 and (4) 2022
where malnutrition was either the cause of death or was mentioned anywhere on the
death certificate <strong>(HL9519</strong>); and how many deaths that occurred in
England and Wales in the past four years mentioned gambling anywhere on the death
certificate <strong>(HL9520).</strong></p><p> </p><p>The Office for National Statistics
(ONS) publishes statistics on deaths registered in England and Wales. Mortality statistics
are compiled from information supplied when deaths are certified and registered as
part of civil registration. Causes mentioned on the death certificate are converted
to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, with the underlying cause
of death defined as the disease or injury that initiated the events that directly
lead to the death. At the ONS, we use the term “due to” to refer to the underlying
cause of a death and the term “involving” where a cause is mentioned anywhere on the
death certificate.</p><p> </p><p>The ICD codes for malnutrition are E40 to E46, which
come under the endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases sub-chapter. This consists
of:</p><p> </p><p>• E40- Kwashiorkor</p><p>• E41- Nutritional Marasmus</p><p>• E42-
Marasmic kwashiorkor</p><p>• E43- Unspecified severe protein-energy malnutrition</p><p>•
E44- Protein-energy malnutrition of moderate and mild degree</p><p>• E45- Retarded
development following protein-energy malnutrition</p><p>• E46- Unspecified protein-energy
malnutrition</p><p> </p><p>Table 1 shows the number of deaths due to and involving
malnutrition ICD-10 codes, that occurred from 2019 to 2022, and were registered by
7 July 2023, in England and Wales. Deaths due to malnutrition are very uncommon; mortality
data and hospital admissions both show that malnutrition is usually accompanied with
several other diagnoses. Further information on the nature of malnutrition as a cause
of death can be found on our blog [1] .</p><p> </p><p>The ICD codes for gambling consist
of:</p><p> </p><p>• Z72.6- Gambling and betting</p><p>• F63.0- Pathological gambling</p><p>
</p><p>There were no deaths in the past four years involving gambling ICD-10 codes
registered in England and Wales. While these codes exist, they are likely to be used
only in the case of medically diagnosed gambling addiction. To identify some deaths
involving gambling, we can also use the coroner’s text report from deaths registered
involving suicide (ICD codes X60 to X84, Y10 to Y34). It is possible that more suicides
were related to gambling, but this cannot be definitively stated, as not all the circumstances
are necessarily known or reported in the death registration by the coroner. Table
2 shows the number of deaths where gambling was mentioned in the coroner’s text, that
occurred from 2019 to 2022, and were registered by 31 December 2022 [2] , registered
in England and Wales.</p><p> </p><p>Yours sincerely,</p><p>Professor Sir Ian Diamond</p><p>
</p><p><strong>Table 1: Numbers of deaths due to and involving malnutrition, deaths
occurring from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2022, England and Wales [3,4,5,6].</strong></p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Year</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Due
to malnutrition</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Involving malnutrition</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2019</p></td><td><p>76</p></td><td><p>390</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2020</p></td><td><p>78</p></td><td><p>383</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2021</p></td><td><p>85</p></td><td><p>398</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2022</p></td><td><p>67</p></td><td><p>386</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><em>Source:
Office for National Statistics</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Table 2: Numbers of deaths
involving intentional self-harm and events of undetermined intent where gambling was
mentioned in the coroner’s text, deaths occurring from 1 January 2019 to 31 December
2022, England and Wales [4,7,8].</strong></p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Year</strong></p></td><td><p><strong>Involving
gambling</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2019</p></td><td><p>4</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2020</p></td><td><p>4</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2021</p></td><td><p>1</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2022</p></td><td><p>0</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><em>Source:
Office for National Statistics</em></p><p> </p><p>[1] <a href="https://blog.ons.gov.uk/2018/02/14/deaths-involving-malnutrition-have-been-on-the-rise-but-nhs-neglect-is-not-to-blame/"
target="_blank">https://blog.ons.gov.uk/2018/02/14/deaths-involving-malnutrition-have-been-on-the-rise-but-nhs-neglect-is-not-to-blame/</a></p><p>[2]
For information on the impact of registration delays please see: <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/impactofregistrationdelaysonmortalitystatisticsinenglandandwales/latest"
target="_blank">https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/impactofregistrationdelaysonmortalitystatisticsinenglandandwales/latest</a></p><p>[3]
Figures are for deaths occurring in each period and registered by 7 July 2023.</p><p>[4]
Figures include deaths of non-residents.</p><p>[5] International Classification of
Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10) codes are as follows; E40, Kwashiorkor; E41, Nutritional
marasmus; E42, Marasmic kwashiorkor; E43, Unspecified severe protein-energy malnutrition;
E44, Protein-energy malnutrition of moderate and mild degree; E45, Retarded development
following protein-energy malnutrition; E46, Unspecified protein-energy malnutrition.</p><p>[6]
Number of deaths by ICD-10 code are available through our explorable dataset NOMIS
from 2013 onwards, this can be accessed here: <a href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?reset=yes&mode=construct&dataset=161&version=0&anal=1&initsel="
target="_blank">Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics - Nomis - Official
Census and Labour Market Statistics (nomisweb.co.uk)</a></p><p>[7] Figures are for
deaths occurring in each period, and registered by 31 December 2022; death registration
data for 2023 are provisional and do not yet provide coroner’s text information.</p><p>[8]
International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10) codes are as follows;
X60 to X84 and Y10 to Y34.</p><p> </p>
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