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<p>Reliable estimates of the historic cost to the public purse of degree subjects
at this level of disaggregation are not available.</p><p>Recent research published
by the Institute for Fiscal Studies looked at how financial returns to higher education,
for both students and the taxpayer, differ by subject studied. They estimate that,
on average, the taxpayer gains £110,000 per male graduate and £30,000 per female graduate
through extra tax and National Insurance contributions less unpaid student loans,
with economics and medicine seeing the greatest returns and creative arts seeing the
lowest returns. The publication is available here:<br> <a href="https://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/R167-The-impact-of-undergraduate-degrees-on-lifetime-earnings.pdf"
target="_blank">https://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/R167-The-impact-of-undergraduate-degrees-on-lifetime-earnings.pdf</a>.</p>
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