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<p>I refer the noble Lord to the answer given by my hon. Friend the Minister for the
Armed Forces (Mark Lancaster) to Question 2033 on 4 July 2017, and to Questions 1544
and 2066 on 5 July 2017.</p><p> </p><p>In addition, I have included below examples
of the breadth of our approach to improve our cyber warfare capability and defences.</p><p>
</p><p>The National Offensive Cyber Programme is a partnership between the Ministry
of Defence (MOD) and Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), harnessing the
skills and talents of both organisations to deliver the tools, techniques and tradecraft
required for the UK to establish a world-class offensive cyber capability. We have
confirmed previously that offensive cyber capabilities have been used by the Armed
Forces as part of the campaign against Daesh. We are clear that such capabilities
must be used in accordance with domestic, international and humanitarian law.</p><p>
</p><p>The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) opened in October 2016, following
a commitment in the 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review. The NCSC provides
the UK with a unified platform to handle incidents and serves as a single point of
contact in Government. The MOD is working closely with NCSC to protect our systems.</p><p>
</p><p>The threats and opportunities presented through cyberspace extend across national
and organisational boundaries. We continue to work closely with Allies and multinational
institutions to operate effectively and increase our awareness of common threats.
The UK is recognised as one of the leaders on cyber issues at NATO. Furthermore, the
UK is central to international dialogue on cyber; for example, last October we hosted
the second in a series of international cyber symposiums, titled ‘Cyberspace and the
Transformation of 21st Century Warfare’.</p>
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