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<p /> <p>A specialised system of restraint known as control and restraint (C&R)
has been developed over many years to ensure that prisoners can be controlled with
minimum risk of injury to staff or prisoners. C&R is a system of techniques used
by a team of three officers as a last resort to bring a violent or unmanageable prisoner
under control. Wherever possible staff are instructed to avoid use of force and de-escalate
the situation by persuasion or negotiation. If the techniques are applied they are
used for as short a time as possible.</p><p> </p><p>All prisons submit a central monthly
return providing the number of times force has been used in the prison, and specifically
the number of uses of C&R. While this has been collated centrally since late 2009,
to provide details since 2004 could only be achieved at disproportionate cost, as
it would require contacting every prison individually and tracing data from prisons
that have closed since 2004.</p>
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